Interesting review article finding these four indicators of concussion.
Our office tests balance, reaction & verbal learning/memory with objective testing.
JR
What's a concussion? Review identifies FOUR evidence-based indicators
Based on analysis of the best available research data, a multidisciplinary panel of experts has identified a set of four indicators with the "highest and most consistent prevalence" among patients with possible concussion. "This is the initial step toward developing a scientifically based approach to recognition and management of concussion -- a process that is critically important in reducing the impact of concussion and brain injury on the lives of patients and the public," comments Nelson M. Oyesiku, MD, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of Neurosurgery.
Four evidence-based indicators of concussion
The expert panel followed a systematic process to identify studies providing information on symptoms and observable factors associated with concussion. Out of more than 5,000 publications, only 26 met standards for minimizing risk of bias, and other criteria required for inclusion. The lead author of the new report is Nancy Carney, PhD, of Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, who is also the Director of Research for the Brain Trauma Foundation. The project was funded by the US Army Contracting Command, with additional funding from the Brain Trauma Foundation.
Based on 11 independent patient samples, the panel identified four indicators of concussion in awake individuals:
• Observed and documented disorientation or confusion immediately after a blow to the head
• Impaired balance within one day after injury
• Slowed reaction times within two days after injury
• Impaired verbal learning and memory within two days after injury
The studies also provided information on the results of cognitive tests over time. The proportion of tests given to individuals diagnosed with concussion that showed abnormal function ranged from 58 percent on the first day to eight percent at one week after injury.
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