CHILDREN who have trouble sleeping tend to do worse in school than their peers who get a good night’s sleep, a new study suggests.
Researchers in Brazil looked at children aged seven to 10 who attended São Paulo public schools. They found children with symptoms of sleep disorders or sleep breathing disorders earned lower grades than those without problems sleeping, on average.
Thirteen percent of children with difficulty sleeping had failing grades in Portuguese, compared with 9% of those without sleep problems. Likewise, 25% of children with disrupted sleep had failing maths grades, versus 8% of children without trouble sleeping.
"Because (symptoms of sleep disorders) and particularly (sleep breathing disorders) are highly prevalent, we suggest that all health professionals and educators become aware of this striking effect and take appropriate actions to solve or mitigate what could very well constitute a public health issue," researchers led by Dr Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho from the Universidade Federal de São Paulo write.
In the US, experts estimate that roughly a quarter of children have disrupted sleep at some point during childhood. There are no definitive statistics on how many South African children have disrupted sleep patterns, but experts say rates are likely to be as high, if not slightly higher in this country, for a variety of socioeconomic reasons.
Erratic bedtime hours and anxiety, either at school or at home, may contribute.
Sleep disorders
Other children may have unrecognised sleep disorders, such as sleep walking, nightmares or insomnia, or sleep breathing disorders such as sleep apnea. Some medications, including those for asthma or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, can affect sleep. The underlying medical problems may also cause sleep disturbances.
Poor sleep among children has been tied to obesity, which over the long term increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. And poor school performance has been linked to early dropout rates, so the new findings may have implications beyond getting a good night’s sleep, researchers say.
From 1999 to 2001, the researchers distributed 5,400 questionnaires asking about symptoms of sleep disorders and sleep breathing disorders to children in São Paulo public schools.
Then they looked at the Portuguese and maths grades of 2,384 children whose parents filled out and returned the questionnaire.
The study team found about 31% of the children had symptoms of sleep disorders — such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, or feeling sleepy all the time — and close to 27% had sleep breathing disorders. Those students’ grades were significantly lower than the grades of children without sleep disorder symptoms.
In Brazil, grades are based on a scale of 0 to 10, with 5 considered passing. Average Portuguese grades were 6.6 for children with sleep problems, compared with 7.1 among those with no sleeping trouble.
Likewise, children with symptoms of sleep disorders or sleep breathing disorders earned an average grade of 6.3 in maths, compared with 7.1 for other children, according to findings published in the journal Sleep Medicine.
Dr Carl Bazil, a neurologist and director of the division of epilepsy and sleep at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Centre in New York City, notes that this study fills a research void.
Learning information
"There’s growing information, mainly in adults, that you need good quality sleep to process and learn new information," Dr Bazil says.
"It stands to reason that, if anything, sleep would be more important in children, but there’s very little information in children about sleep disturbance and learning."
Research has shown that sleep deprivation might affect certain parts of the brain, especially the frontal lobes. The frontal lobes control executive function, which is the ability to make decisions, form memories, plan for the future and inhibit socially undesirable behaviour, such as fighting with a classmate.
However, the new study cannot say definitively that sleep problems were to blame for poor grades, researchers say.
"This study doesn’t prove that a sleep disturbance causes decreased academic performance," Dr Bazil says, "but it shows an association. Basically every category of sleep disturbance the authors looked at correlated with decreased academic performance."
The researchers relied on parents’ reports of their children’s sleep, rather than bringing children into a sleep lab overnight, for example.
The study is "far from perfect", Dr Bazil says. But, "it’s a first step in emphasising that sleep in children is something that’s important, not only to prevent them from being sleepy but to make sure that they learn.
"I think this study will help raise awareness that sleep is particularly important in children."
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