Dr. Rotenberg, among other other sleep specialists, signed on to this letter regarding recent articles in Pediatrics. - JR
Sleep Guidance for Kids and Teens Is Based on Sound Science
Representing scores of scientists who study sleep's role in the health and welfare of children, we need to be clear: Current expert recommendations for the sleep needs of children may not be perfect or immutable, but they are based on sound and rigorous science. For the sake of children whose parents, pediatricians and teachers may have seen recent media reports on two papers that call this into question, we're compelled to offer the context of what decades of research has produced.
Perhaps the best service is to describe current recommendations for healthy child sleep and then to describe why the pediatric sleep community of health care professionals is concerned that parents and other stakeholders have become misinformed about how well research supports these recommendations.
First of all, abundant research shows that sleep is a vital component of physical and mental health in children and adolescents. That and other research provides solid scientific grounding for current recommendations. Experts acknowledge that there is some individual variability in sleep needs, and therefore these recommendations are offered as guidelines for parents. They should be viewed in the context of potential signs of insufficient sleep in children and teens (difficulty waking in the morning, daytime sleepiness, sleeping longer on weekends and school vacations). Also, the recommendations for sleep amounts, such as those posted by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), should always be applied in conjunction with other healthy sleep practices (such as regular bedtimes and wake times and bedtime routines).
As much as we care about children ourselves, we know we owe it to their parents to make (and defend) any recommendations on the basis of research, rather than intuition. We also need to be clear about the health effects of inadequate sleep, given the outward appearance that sleep cuts into "productive" time. Many lay people may not know that sleep is an enormously productive time -- especially for the developing brain -- when the brain organizes itself and consolidates the day's learning.
Here are the stakes. A large number of studies have shown associations between insufficient sleep and adverse health outcomes in teens and younger children. These include increased obesity risk, higher rates of motor vehicle accidents and accidental injuries, reduced cardiovascular health, and increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation. Many other studies have demonstrated the negative outcomes of sleep restriction and the positive impact of sleep extension on cognitive function of children and teens.
In a recent paper in the Eastern Economic Journal, two Brigham Young University economists dismiss such serious medical findings when they purport to determine an "optimal" amount of sleep for kids based on one question -- "How many hours of sleep do you usually get a night?" -- and a small set of standardized test scores. They report that that teens who got less sleep than experts recommend got better scores. We take issue with aspects of their methodology, but even if their paper were technically unassailable, as health professionals we would still be compelled to ask why a narrow set of test scores should be any parent's benchmark for optimal sleep when so many vital health conditions are endangered by too little sleep.
Ultimately, the key issue is to define how much sleep kids and teens need. That's long been a priority of our field because parents and health care professionals have always worried about this question and have needed science to provide answers. What has changed over time has been the increasing quantity and quality of science we've been able to apply. Many rigorous pediatric sleep research studies have done much to help address the issue of optimal sleep duration and healthy sleep practices in children and adolescents. These studies include large epidemiologic approaches as well as rigorous field tests and in-lab brain wave monitoring.We've posted a selected list of these studies and those referenced above, as well as more than 70 co-signers among our colleagues to this essay, on our website.
For all these reasons, we feel we should put in context a recent paper in Pediatrics that gained substantial and unduly credulous media attention. By looking at historical recommendations for sleep and measured sleep durations, the authors claimed that "there is almost no empirical evidence for the optimal sleep duration for children," and that "no matter how much sleep children are getting, it has always been assumed that they need more."
A careful look at the paper shows that almost all of their findings are driven by data in infants, for whom recommendations around the turn of the last century were hugely different from those around the turn of this century. Meanwhile, the sleep recommendations at other ages are pretty much on par across the century. Fundamentally, by ignoring many strong studies that provide a quantitative basis for current sleep recommendations, the authors do a serious disservice to parents, pediatricians, other health professionals, educators and, ultimately, to children.
The scientific literature shows that children and adolescents experience better learning and academic success and greater physical and mental health when their sleep is protected and supported to levels recommended by a consensus of experts, such as those posted on the NSF website. Our hope is that by understanding the scientific record and context beyond these two recent splashes in the literature, the pediatric sleep community's service to parents and health professionals can be restored.
Perhaps the best service is to describe current recommendations for healthy child sleep and then to describe why the pediatric sleep community of health care professionals is concerned that parents and other stakeholders have become misinformed about how well research supports these recommendations.
First of all, abundant research shows that sleep is a vital component of physical and mental health in children and adolescents. That and other research provides solid scientific grounding for current recommendations. Experts acknowledge that there is some individual variability in sleep needs, and therefore these recommendations are offered as guidelines for parents. They should be viewed in the context of potential signs of insufficient sleep in children and teens (difficulty waking in the morning, daytime sleepiness, sleeping longer on weekends and school vacations). Also, the recommendations for sleep amounts, such as those posted by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), should always be applied in conjunction with other healthy sleep practices (such as regular bedtimes and wake times and bedtime routines).
As much as we care about children ourselves, we know we owe it to their parents to make (and defend) any recommendations on the basis of research, rather than intuition. We also need to be clear about the health effects of inadequate sleep, given the outward appearance that sleep cuts into "productive" time. Many lay people may not know that sleep is an enormously productive time -- especially for the developing brain -- when the brain organizes itself and consolidates the day's learning.
Here are the stakes. A large number of studies have shown associations between insufficient sleep and adverse health outcomes in teens and younger children. These include increased obesity risk, higher rates of motor vehicle accidents and accidental injuries, reduced cardiovascular health, and increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation. Many other studies have demonstrated the negative outcomes of sleep restriction and the positive impact of sleep extension on cognitive function of children and teens.
In a recent paper in the Eastern Economic Journal, two Brigham Young University economists dismiss such serious medical findings when they purport to determine an "optimal" amount of sleep for kids based on one question -- "How many hours of sleep do you usually get a night?" -- and a small set of standardized test scores. They report that that teens who got less sleep than experts recommend got better scores. We take issue with aspects of their methodology, but even if their paper were technically unassailable, as health professionals we would still be compelled to ask why a narrow set of test scores should be any parent's benchmark for optimal sleep when so many vital health conditions are endangered by too little sleep.
Ultimately, the key issue is to define how much sleep kids and teens need. That's long been a priority of our field because parents and health care professionals have always worried about this question and have needed science to provide answers. What has changed over time has been the increasing quantity and quality of science we've been able to apply. Many rigorous pediatric sleep research studies have done much to help address the issue of optimal sleep duration and healthy sleep practices in children and adolescents. These studies include large epidemiologic approaches as well as rigorous field tests and in-lab brain wave monitoring.We've posted a selected list of these studies and those referenced above, as well as more than 70 co-signers among our colleagues to this essay, on our website.
For all these reasons, we feel we should put in context a recent paper in Pediatrics that gained substantial and unduly credulous media attention. By looking at historical recommendations for sleep and measured sleep durations, the authors claimed that "there is almost no empirical evidence for the optimal sleep duration for children," and that "no matter how much sleep children are getting, it has always been assumed that they need more."
A careful look at the paper shows that almost all of their findings are driven by data in infants, for whom recommendations around the turn of the last century were hugely different from those around the turn of this century. Meanwhile, the sleep recommendations at other ages are pretty much on par across the century. Fundamentally, by ignoring many strong studies that provide a quantitative basis for current sleep recommendations, the authors do a serious disservice to parents, pediatricians, other health professionals, educators and, ultimately, to children.
The scientific literature shows that children and adolescents experience better learning and academic success and greater physical and mental health when their sleep is protected and supported to levels recommended by a consensus of experts, such as those posted on the NSF website. Our hope is that by understanding the scientific record and context beyond these two recent splashes in the literature, the pediatric sleep community's service to parents and health professionals can be restored.
Mary A. Carskadon, PhD Judith Owens, MD MPH
Professor, Psychiatry and Human Behavior Director of Sleep Medicine
EP Bradley Hospital Children's National Medical Center
Alpert Medical School of Brown University Washington DC 20010-2970
Providence, RI 02906
1
A list of references is provided after the list of sleep professionals endorsing the essay.3
Links to Media Coverage
Stories based on the original articles
Challenging 100 Years of Sleep Guidelines for Children - WSJ.com
Children are sleep-deprived, experts have fretted for 100 years - latimes.com
No science, just expert guesses on how much sleep kids need - USATODAY.com
Kids and Sleep Through History: They Have Never Gotten Enough, but Who's to Say How Much They
Really Need? | Healthland | TIME.com
Scientists say kids throughout history have never had enough sleep | Mom Houston | a Chron.com blog
Responses to media coverage
How Much Sleep Do Kids Need? Not Such A Mystery After All : Shots - Health Blog : NPR
Sleep Expert Stands By Current Sleep Advice for Kids | Parents News Now, by Holly Lebowitz Rossi
Articles
Articles Referred to Directly in the Essay
• Eide, ER & Showalter MH. Sleep and student achievement. Eastern Econ J 2012; 1-13.
Doi:10.1057/33j.2011.33
• Matricciani LA, Olds TS, Blunden S, Rigney G, Williams MT. Never Enough Sleep: A Brief
History of Sleep Recommendations for Children. Pediatrics. 2012;129:548-556.
Selected Additional Articles on Childhood & Adolescent Sleep
1. Iglowstein I, Jenni OG, Molinari L, Largo RH. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence:
reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003;111:302-7.
2. Iglowstein I, Latal Hajnal B, Molinari L, Largo RH, Jenni OG. Sleep behaviour in preterm children
from birth to age 10 years: a longitudinal study. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:1691-3.
3. Eaton DK, McKnight-Eily LR, Lowry R, Perry GS, Presley-Cantrell L, Croft JB. Prevalence of
insufficient, borderline, and optimal hours of sleep among high school students - United States,
2007. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:399-401.
4. Galland BC, Taylor BJ, Elder DE, Herbison P. Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: A
systematic review of observational studies. [published online ahead of print July 23, 2011]. Sleep
Med Rev 2011. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079211000682. Accessed
February17, 2012
5. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA. Understanding adolescents' sleep patterns and school performance: a
critical appraisal. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7:491-506.
6. Beebe DW. Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and4
adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011;58:649-65.
7. Berger RH, Miller AL, Seifer R, Cares SR, Lebourgeois MK. Acute sleep restriction effects
onemotion responses in 30- to 36-month-old children. [published online ahead of print October 11,
2011]. J Sleep Res. 2011. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x/full.
Accessed February 17, 2012
8. Arman AR, Ay P, Fis NP, Ersu R, Topuzoglu A, Isik U, et al. Association of sleep duration with
socio-economic status and behavioural problems among schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr.
2011;100:420-4.
9. Gruber R, Laviolette R, Deluca P, Monson E, Cornish K, Carrier J. Short sleep duration is associated
with poor performance on IQ measures in healthy school-age children. Sleep Med. 2010;11:289-94.
10. Feinberg I, Campbell IG. Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: an index of a fundamental brain
reorganization. Brain Cogn. 2010;72:56-65.
11. Nevarez MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. Associations of early life
risk factors with infant sleep duration. Acad Pediatr. 2010;10:187-93.
12. Spilsbury JC, Storfer-Isser A, Drotar D, Rosen CL, Kirchner LH, Benham H, et al. Sleep behavior in
an urban US sample of school-aged children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:988-94.
13. Magee L, Hale L. Longitudinal associations between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain: A
systematic review. [published online ahead of print July 23, 2011]. Sleep Med Rev. 2011.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079211000608. Accessed February 17, 2012.
14. Vorona RD, Szklo-Coxe M, Wu A, Dubik M, Zhao Y, Ware JC. Dissimilar teen crash rates in two
neighboring southeastern Virginia cities with different high school start times. J Clin Sleep Med.
2011;7:145-51.
15. Boto LR, Crispim JN, de Melo IS, Juvandes C, Rodrigues T, Azeredo P, et al. Sleep deprivation and
accidental fall risk in children. Sleep Med. 2012;13:88-95.
16. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Babiss LA, Opler MG, Posner K, Shen S, et al. Short sleep duration as
a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia: analyses of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent
Health. Sleep. 2010;33:956-61.
17. Lin JD, Tung HJ, Hsieh YH, Lin FG. Interactive effects of delayed bedtime and family-associated
factors on depression in elementary school children. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:2036-44.
18. Fitzgerald CT, Messias E, Buysse DJ. Teen sleep and suicidality: results from the youth risk
behavior surveys of 2007 and 2009. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:351-6.
19. Gruber R, Wiebe S, Montecalvo L, Brunetti B, Amsel R, Carrier J. Impact of sleep restriction on
neurobehavioral functioning of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep.
2011;34:315-
20. Beebe DW, Rose D, Amin R. Attention, learning, and arousal of experimentally sleep-restricted
adolescents in a simulated classroom. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47:523-5.
21. Randazzo AC, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK, Walsh JK. Cognitive function following acute sleep
restriction in children ages 10-14. Sleep. 1998;21:861-8.
22. Sadeh A, Gruber R, Raviv A. The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children:
what a difference an hour makes. Child Dev. 2003;74:444-55.
23. Van den Bulck J. The effects of media on sleep. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2010;21:418-29, vii.
24. Bryant Ludden A, Wolfson AR. Understanding adolescent caffeine use: connecting use patterns with
expectancies, reasons, and sleep. Health Educ Behav. 2010;37:330-42.
25. Hale L, Berger LM, LeBourgeois MK, Brooks-Gunn J. A longitudinal study of preschoolers'
language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being. J Fam Psychol. 2011;25:423-33.
26. Mindell JA, Telofski LS, Wiegand B, Kurtz ES. A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young
children and maternal mood. Sleep. 2009;32:599-606.
27. Mindell JA, Meltzer LJ, Carskadon MA, Chervin RD. Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene:
findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll. Sleep Med. 2009;10:771-5
9.
28. Wolfson, A.R. and Carskadon, M.A. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child
Development 1998;69(4):875-887. PMID: 9768476
29. Carskadon, M.A., Harvey, K., Duke, P., Anders, T.F., Litt, I.F., and Dement, W.C. Pubertal changes
in daytime sleepiness. Sleep 1980; 2: 453-460. PMID: 7403744 PMID: 12224838
30. Carskadon, M.A., Wolfson, A.R., Acebo, C., Tzischinsky, O., and Seifer, R. Adolescent sleep
patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep 1998; 21(8):871-
881. PMID: 9871949
31. Carskadon, M.A., Harvey, K., and Dement, W.C. Acute restriction of nocturnal sleep in children.
Percept. Motor Skills 1981; 53: 103-112.
32. Fallone, G., Acebo, C., Arnedt, J.T., Seifer, R., and Carskadon, M.A. Effects of acute sleep
restriction on behavior, sustained attention, and response inhibition in children. Percept. Motor
Skills 2001; 93:213-229. PMID: 11693688
33. Ohayon, M.M., Carskadon, M.A., Guilleminault, C., and Vitiello, M. Meta-analysis of quatitative
sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: Developing normative sleep
values across the human lifespan. Sleep 2004; 27(7):1255-1273. PMID: 15586779
34. Fallone, G., Acebo, C., Seifer, R., Carskadon, M.A. Experimental restriction of sleep opportunity in
children: Effects on teacher ratings. Sleep 2005; 28 (12): 1561-1567. PMID: 16408416
35. Carskadon, M.A., Harvey, K., and Dement, W.C. Sleep loss in young adolescents. Sleep 1981; 4:
299-312. PMID: 7302461
36. Carskadon, M.A. Adolescent sleepiness: Increased risk in a high-risk population. Alcohol Drugs
Driving 1990; 5/6: 317-328,.
37. Carskadon, M.A. Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician 1990; 17: 5-12.
PMID: 2315238
38. Short, M.A., Gradisar, M., Wright, H., Lack, L.C., Dohnt, H., and Carskadon, M.A. Time for bed:
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Link to Essay here
Huffingotn post published here
The sentiments expressed in the essay were endorsed by the following individuals:
Full Name Affiliation
Candice A. Alfano, Ph.D. University Of Houston
Rosana Alves, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Sao Paulo Medical
School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Strahil Atanasov, MD
Kristin T. Avis, Ph.D, CBSM University of Alabama at Birmingham Dept of
Pediatrics
Robert Beckerman, MD Section Chief, Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep
Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of
Missouri in Kansas City School of Medicine
Dean W. Beebe, Ph.D. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Julie Boergers, PhD Alpert Medical School of Brown University,
Bradley-Hasbro Children’s Research Center
Lee J. Brooks, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of
Pennsylvania
Tyish S. Hall Brown, Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
Howard University College of Medicine
Oliviero Bruni, MD Department of Pediatrics and Developmental
Neurology, Tel-Aviv University
Joseph A. Buckhalt, Ph.D. Auburn University
Margaret A. Cashman, MD,
FAASM
Harborview Medical Center; Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Washington School of Medicine
Mary Cataletto, MD Director, Children’s Sleep Services, Winthrop
University Hospital, Mineola, NY
Sangeeta Chakravorty MD Director, Pediatric Sleep Evaluation Center,
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
S.P.Chan MBBS Director of Pediatric Pulmonology, Staten Island
University Hospital, New York
Barry A. Cohen, MD Pediatric Sleep Specialist, Saint Barnabas Medical
Center, Livingston, NJ
Heidi V. Connolly, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine,
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Psychiatry,
University of Rochester
Penny Corkum, PhD Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry &
Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada
Flavia Cortesi MD Dept Pediatrics & Child Neuropsychiatry University
of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
Stephanie Crowley, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Behavioral
Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, ChicagoGary Feldman, M.D. Medical Director, Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center,
Miller Children's Hospital Long Beach, Long
Beach, CA
Karyn Gail France, PhD,
DipClinPsyc
Associate Professor, Programme Coordinator, Child
and Family Psychology Programme, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Dominic Gault, M.D. Medical Director, Division of Pediatric Sleep
Medicine, Greenville Hospital System Children's
Hospital
Peter Glusker, MD-PhD, FAAN,
FASM, FACP
Retired Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor,
Department of Neurosciences, Stanford Medical
Center, Texas Childrens Hospital
Roger Godbout, Ph.D.,
psychologist
Professor of Psychiatry, University de Montréal,
Montreal, Canada and Director of the Sleep
Laboratory & Clinic, Riviere-des-Prairies, Montreal,
Canada
David Gozal, MD The Herbert T. Abelson Professor and Chair,
Department of Pediatrics, The University of
Chicago; Physician-in-Chief, Comer Children's
Hospital
Michael Gradisar, PhD,
M.Psyc.(Clin.)
Flinders University, Australia
Madeleine Grigg-Damberger, MD Professor of Neurology, Medical Director of
Pediatric Sleep Services, Associate Medical
Director of the Clinical Neurophysiology
Laboratory, University of New Mexico School of
Medicine
Jim Halsey, R.R.T., RPSGT, RST Department of Respiratory Care, Stephens County
Hospital, Toccoa, GA
Allison Harvey, PhD Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of
California, Berkeley.
Jacqueline MT Henderson, PhD Canterbury Sleep Programme, Department of
Psychology, University of Canterbury, Cristchurch,
New Zealand
Ibrahim MD Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH
Kyle P. Johnson, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and
Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University
Lewis J. Kass, MD Westchester Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep
Medicine, Mt. Kisco, NY; Pediatric Sleep Disorders
Center at Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT
Sharon A. Keenan, Ph.D.,
REEGT, RPSGT
Diplomate of The American Board of Sleep
Medicine and Director, The School of Sleep
Medicine, Inc., Palo Alto, CA
Amit Khanna, MD Adult & Pediatric Sleep Center, Lawrence &
Memorial Hospital
Suresh Kotagal, M.D. Consultant, Neurology, Pediatrics and the Center for
Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaAndrea M. Landis, PhD, RN Assistant Professor, Family & Child Nursing,
University of Washington School of Nursing,
Seattle, WA
Albin Leong, MD Chief, Pediatric Pulmonology, Roseville Kaiser
Medical Center, The Permanente Medical Group,
Inc.
Robin M. Lloyd, M.D. Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine
Mark W. Maholwald, MD Professor, Department of Neurology, University of
Minnesota Medical School and Visiting Professor,
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Stanford University
Cami Matthews, MD General Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, UW
Health Pediatric East Clinic, Madison, WI
Lisa J. Meltzer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, National Jewish
Health
Richard P. Millman, MD Professor and Vice Chair of Medicine, Division of
Biology and Medicine, Alpert Medical School,
Brown University
Paul Montgomery Professor of Psycho-Social Intervention, University
of Oxford, Oxford. UK
Cynthia D. Nichols, PhD,
FAASM, CBSM
Neuropsychologist, Munson Healthcare Sleep
Disorders Center
Camilo Ortiz, Ph.D. Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, Long
Island University, CW Post
Phillip L. Pearl, M.D. Division Chief, Child Neurology, Children’s
National Medical Center; Professor of Neurology,
Pediatrics, and Music, The George Washington
University School of Medicine and Columbian
College of Arts and Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Rafael Pelayo, MD Stanford University School of Medicine
Rosa Peraita-Adrados, MD, PhD Sleep Disorders Unit – Clinical Neurophysiology
Department, Univeristy Hospital Gregorio Marañón,
Madrid, Spain
Judi Profant, PhD, CBSM Kaiser Permanente, University of California, Irvine
Brandy M. Roane, Ph.D. Sleep for Science Research Laboratory of Brown
University
Dominic Roca, MD PhD Stamford Hospital, Stamford CT
Mary Rose, PsyD, CBSM Assistant Professor, Director, Psycho-Oncology,
Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College
of Medicine
Carol L. Rosen, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western
Reserve University, University Hospitals of
Cleveland, Case Medical Center, Rainbow Babies &
Children's Hospital
Mark Rosenblum, Psy D, LP,
CBSM
Director, Insomnia Program, Minnesota Sleep
Institute
Joshua Rotenberg, MD, Diplomate American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology, Child Neurology, & Sleep Medicine, Texas Medical & Sleep Specialists, Houston TX and San Antonio, TX.
Paul A. Rothenberg, Ph.D. Long Island Jewish Medical Center and Greenwich
Hospital Sleep Disorder Centers
John Saito, MD FAAP FCCP Diplomate in the American Board of Sleep
Medicine; President, Pulmonary & Sleep Disorder
Consultants, Irvine, California.
John N. Schuen, MD Chief, Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine,
Michigan State University-College of Human
Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
David C. Schwebel, PhD Professor of Psychology and Associate Dean for
Research in the Sciences, University of Alabama at
Birmingham
Yakov Sivan, MD Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv University
Faculty of Medicine,Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel
George F. Slade
Kevin C. Smith, PhD University of Missouri -- Kansas City School of
Medicine, Pediatric Psychologist, Section of
Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Section of
Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's
Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
Jim Spilsbury, PhD, MPH Assistant Professor & Director, Academic
Development Core, Center for Clinical
Investigation, Case School of Medicine
Kingman P. Strohl MD Case Western reserve University, Cleveland OH
Lisa Talbot, Ph.D. San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of
California, San Francisco
Douglas M. Teti, Ph.D. Associate Director, Social Science Research
Institute; Professor of Human Development,
Psychology, and Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State
University; Lead Faculty, Parenting-at-Risk Faculty
Research Initiative; Associate Editor, Infancy
Amy Walker, PhD, RN Assistant Professor, University of Washington,
Department of Family & Child Nursing, Seattle
Teresa Ward, RN, Ph Assistant Professor, Family & Child Nursing,
University of Washington, Seattle
Shelly Weiss, MD FRCPC Associate Professor, University of Toronto;
President, Canadian Sleep Society
Luci Wiggs, PhD Reader in Psychology, Oxford Brookes University,
Oxford, UK
Mark C. Wilson, MD Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, UNMC,
Omaha, NE
Amy Wolfson, PhD Professor of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross
Labels: insomnia children causes, insomnia children treatment, anxiety, child insomnia anxiety, ferber method, why wont my child sleep through the night, why wont my child sleep through the night,
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